9.  Define sampling errors.

Sampling error refers to the differences between the actual value of a characteristic of the population and the sample estimate.  In other words it is the difference between the actual value of a parameter of the population which is not known and its estimate from the sample.

Example:  Consider a case of 5 farmers with the following incomes.

100, 150, 200, 250, 300.  The average income of the 5 farmers would be

100+150+ 200+ 250+ 300=1000 = 200.

                                                          5

Suppose we select two farmers whose income is 100 and 200

then the average would be 100+ 200= 300 = 150.

                                                                             2

Here the sampling error of the estimate = 200(true value) – 150(estimate) = 50

10.  What are the Non- sampling errors?

Non-sampling errors refers to the deviation of estimates from their true values.

Non sampling errors include:

1. Errors in data acquisition:  arises from recording of incorrect responses.  Recording mistakes can occur when enumerators or the respondents may commit errors in recording or transcripting the data.

2.  Non-response errors:  occurs if an interviewer is not able to contact a person listed in the sample or a person from the sample refuses to respond.

3.  Sampling Bias:  Due to sampling plan when some of the target population could not be included in the sample it is called sampling bias.

                                                                         

11.  List the national level and state level agencies that publish statistical data.

Some of the agencies at the national level are

1.  Census of India.

2.  National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO)

3.  Central statistical organisation (CSO)

4.  Registrar General of India (RGI)

5.  Directorate General of commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DCGIS)

6.  Labour bureau etc.

12.  Write short notes on the census of India and the NSSO

*The census of India provides the most complete and continuous demographic record of population.

*The Census is regularly conducted every ten years since 1881.

*Information relating to the size of population, density of population, sex ration, literacy, etc are collected and published.

                                 

*The NSSO was established by the Government of India to conduct nationwide continuous surveys on socio-economic issues.

*The data collected are released through reports and its quarterly journal Sarvekshana.

*IT provides periodic estimates of literacy, school enrolment, unemployment, utilization of PDS, industrial activities and retail prices of various goods etc,